It kickstarted what historians call the mineral revolution, which made few european opportunists wealthy beyond measure, and saw hundreds of thousands of men leaving their homes to become fulltime mineworkers. Numerous small occurrences in a variety of settings have been discovered, although large. Some of the known magnesite mines in this area include sytfafontain still operational, vanmag and nyala mine both abandoned. It is also known variously as the boer war, angloboer war, or. He charts the early phase of slow growth, and then the transformation of the economy as a result of the. South africa is in abundance of magnesite deposits. The south african mineral code the south african code for the reporting of exploration results, mineral resurces and mineral reserves 2016 edition. As a leading global manufacturer of crushing, grinding and mining equipments, we offer advanced, reasonable solutions for any sizereduction requirements including, the mineral revolution of southern africa, quarry, aggregate, and different kinds of minerals. This exploitation accelerated in the 19th and 20th centuries with demand from an exploding w orld population that needed the resources to underpin societys.
Social mobility during south africa s industrial takeoff. Jun 23, 2005 this book is the first economic history of south africa in over sixty years. It has huge potential regarding mineral reserves, exploration and production. South africa is also a leading producer of andalusite. Ersa shall not be liable to any person for inaccurate information or opinions contained herein. This book is the first economic history of south africa in over sixty years. Social mobility during south africas industrial takeoff. South africa has largescale primary processing units for metals such as aluminum, platinum, and gold. By the time that gold was discovered, african kingdoms had lost their independence. But the centrality of the mineral revolution is sp selfevident that radical south african historiography has a tendency with numerous exceptions to see south.
The mineral revolution was largely driven by the need to create a permanent workforce to work in the mining industry, and saw south africa transformed from a patchwork of. What is meant by the scramble for africa a competition. During the goldmining revolution, patterns of land and labour were. General assessment south africa has succeeded to reinsert its economy back into world trade in the mid 1990s. The mineral revolution in south africa britain, diamond mining and increasing labour control and land expansion before south africa s vast mineral wealth was discovered in the late nineteenth century, there was a general belief that southern africa was almost destitutesimilar wealth that had drawn europeans to the rest of the. Mineral economicsminerals bureau, the chamber of mines of south africa com south african institute of chartered accountants saica and the investment analysts society of south africa ias. Feinstein offers an authoritative survey of five hundred years of south african economic history from the years preceding european settlements in 1652 through to the postapartheid era. Igneous complex and witwatersrand of south africa, the continent is remarkably endowed with mineral wealth and has been explored and exploited since the earliest days of civilization. What is meant by the scramble for africa a competition for. More fundamentally their exploitation revolutionised the economic and political structure of south africa and laid the material basis of modern south african. In the early proterozoic the intrusion of vast mafic complexes supplied cr, ni, pt, cu and vfe ore. Mineral discoveries in the 1860s, the 1870s, and the 1880s had an enormous impact on southern africa. The early and middle archaean eras are characterized by deposits of cr, au and fe. B y the late 19th century, the limitations of the capes liberal tradition were becoming apparent.
Diamonds were initially identified in 1867 in an area adjoining the confluence of the vaal and the orange rivers, just north of the cape colony, alth ough it was. The trigger to the war was the discovering of diamonds and gold in the boer states. The impact of the mineral revolution, 18701936 in concluding chapter three the opinion was given that the development of a particular black perception of south african history was directly linked to the writers current situation. South africas earliest soup kitchens were not for black, but, rather, for white children. It happened between the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century.
Production of kyanite, rareearth elements, and wollastonite is also showing an upward trend in the country. The 19 th c was a period of revolutionary change in south africa due to mineral revolution. South africa came out of the war reasonably well, the gold price was low and conditions for labour were poor, strikes broke out. The discovery of diamonds and then gold in south africa brought a rush of prospectors to the country and had significant effects on the history of south africa, both politically and economically.
The mineral discoveries had a major impact on the subcontinent as a whole. Afrikaners, proud of their pastoral roots, 3 afrikaners are mainly descendants of dutch colonialist and french huguenots fleeing persecution in europe during the 17th century. Industrialization and imperialism, 18701910 the mineral revolution. The second boer war 11 october 1899 31 may 1902 was fought between the british empire and two independent boer states, the south african republic republic of transvaal and the orange free state, over the empires influence in south africa. The political economy of the south african revolution. Gold deposits in natal, south africa have attracted considerable interest over the last one hundred years. Doc the mineral revolution in south afraca chilufya. Posts about mineral revolution written by sharedpast. The hardening of racial attitudes that accompanied the rise of a more militant imperialist spirit coincided locally with the watershed discovery of mineral. However, r94 billion in minerals was sold locally into downstream fabrication and energy industries. To order copies of minerals and africas development. The evolution of occupational structures in south africa 18751911. South africa has 524 identified mines listed in the diggings.
South africa is richly endowed with mineral resources, and produces more than 30 metal and mineral products. The mineral revo lution was largely driven by the need to create a permanent workforce to work in the mining indust ry, a n d saw south africa transformed from a patchwork of agrarian states to a unified, industrial nation. The mineral revoluti on is a term used by historians to refer to the rapid industrialisation and economic changes which occur red in south af rica from the 1870s onwar ds. It caused population movement in all race groups from rural to urban areas in search of work. South africa accounted for 15% of the worlds gold production in 2002 and 12% in 2005, though the nation had produced as much as 30% of world output as recently as 1993. It began the transformation of sa from an agrarian country that was fragmented into a unified industrial nation. The mineral revolution in south africa started with the discovery of diamonds in kimberley in 1867, and intensified with the discovery of deeplevel gold on the witwatersrand in 1886.
Guns in colonial south african history 3 guns as hallmarks of modernity, yet for most people in south africa there was precious little security. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the funder, ersa or the authors affiliated institutions. Why was the mineral revolution and turning point in south african history. South africas trade liberalisation during the period from 1988 to 2003 on labour and total factor productivity across its industrial sectors. South africa has three capitals a legislative, administrative and judicial. At the time these mines were surveyed, 37 mines in south africa were observed to have ore mineralization in an outcrop, shallow pit, or isolated drill holeknown as an occurance mine.
The mineral revolution of south africa effect on the. The most commonly listed primary commodities in south africa mines are gold, platinum, and platinum group elements pge. By their references to the early phases of colonization through to the great trek and its after. The rrr fluctuated with a positive trend during 2003 and 2004, and then it. South africa is the worlds largest producer of andalusite and has the largest andalusite resources. Southern africa university of the witwatersrand school of mining engineering private bag 3 2050 wits south africa telephone. As a leading global manufacturer of crushing, grinding and mining equipments, we offer advanced, reasonable solutions for any sizereduction requirements including, the mineral revolution of south africa effect on the countrys economic development during the apartheid. Grade 8 topic 2 the mineral revolution in south africa south. The mineral revolution in south africa started with the discovery of. These men were recruited from up to twenty territories, and their contributions are examined. Industrialisation and economic expansion, as well as the effects of the great war, two. The mineral revolution is a term used by historians to refer to the rapid industrialisation and economic changes which occurred in south africa from the 1870s. These cultures, which were part of a broader african civilisation, predate european encroachment by several centuries.
The scramble for africa was a competition between the european powers great britain, france, belgium and others over colonies in africa the correct answer is a competition for colonies. The year 1870 was a turning point in south africa historical context as it ushered in an era of dramatic change prompted by the discovery of minerals, first diamond and later gold in the southern africa interior. Use this printable file folder project to learn all about the discovery of gold and diamonds in south africa. Mineral resources of southern africa in timestratigraphic. The south african mineral code the south african code for the.
The major areas providing labour over this long period have been lesotho, the former transkei within south africa and mozambique. See more ideas about minerals, rocks and minerals and rocks and gems. The south african mineral code the south african code for. Encarta 2009 defines a mineral as a naturally occurring substance that is mined or extracted from the ground. Mining in south africa was once the main driving force behind the history and development of africa s most advanced and richest economy. While gold was south africas primary mineral resource, it was by no means.
Mineral resources and energy south african government. The mineral revolution was largely driven by the need to create a permanent workforce to work in the mining industry, and saw south africa transformed from a patchwork of agrarian states to a unified, industrial nation. The us geological survey estimated in that as of 2002, south africa held about 50% of the worlds gold resources, and 38% of. The purpose of this history of africa, now in its fourth revised edition, is to provide a clear, basic and wellillustrated introduction to africas long and fascinating past. Other note worthy andalusite deposits is in france, china and peru. The year 1870 was a turning point in south africa historical context as it. Grade 8 topic 2 the mineral revolution in south africa. What was the estimated population of south africa in 2010 to the nearest million.
The mineral revolution of southern africa products. Diamonds were initially identified in 1867 in an area adjoining the. From 1989 to 1996, for instance, these three areas. The spread of european settlement and government caused major disruptions to african societies, even as the british colonies at the cape and natal, together with the boer republics, attempted to rein. This raw material is mined for various utilities in different parts of the region. The deposits in france, china and peru occur in dynamic metamorphic areas, whereas the most of the south african deposits are related to thermal. The mineral revolution of south africa effect on the countrys economic development during the apartheid regime products.
Diamonds were initially identified in 1867 in an area adjoining the confluence of the vaal and the orange rivers, just north of the cape colony, although it was not until 1869 to 1870 that finds were sufficient to attract a rush of several thousand fortune. The mineral revolution in south africa britain, diamond mining and increasing labour control and land expansion before south africas vast mineral wealth was discovered in the late nineteenth century, there was a general belief that southern africa was almost destitutesimilar wealth that had drawn europeans to the rest of the. The mineral revolution transformed the economic, social and polit. Visser university of stellenbosch, south africa summary the advent of south africas mineral revolution in the last quarter of the 19 th century also saw the emergence of an afrikaner working class as a. The mineral revolution, which transformed south africa from an agriculture based economy to an industrial nation. The mineral revolution of south africa effect on the country.
South africa the mineral revolution country studies. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 of the national development plan ndp detail a vision for south africa in which a responsible mining sector prioritises the welfare of its. M m ining in south africa has been a contentious issue since 15yearold erasmus stephanus jacobs discovered south africa s first diamond, the eureka, in hopetown in 1867. The abandoned nyala magnesite mine is situated 5 km west of klain tsipise in. The political economy of the south african revolution bernard magubane the white man in south african colonies feels that the colony ought to be his and kept up for him, because he, perhaps, with his life in his hand, went forth as a pioneer to spread the civilization of europe and to cultivate the wilds of the worlds surface. As a leading global manufacturer of crushing, grinding and mining equipments, we offer advanced, reasonable solutions for any sizereduction requirements including, the mineral revolution of southern africa, quarry, aggregate, and different kinds of. South africa was formally a union of the british empire4. The mineral revolution was based on the export of what two minerals. The purpose of this history of africa, now in its fourth revised edition, is to provide a clear, basic and wellillustrated introduction to africa s long and fascinating past. History mineral revolution in sa arts and humanities. The first version of the samrec code was issued in march 2000 and adopted by the jse in their.
The mineral revolution south africa how south africa. The mineral revolution south africa by ph february 10, 2016, 11. Farmers in these regions now supplied southern africas fastest growing cities with food. Mineral revolution in south africa the mineral revolution is a term used by historians to refer to the rapid industrialisation and economic changes which occurred in south africa from the 1870s onwards. Mineral deposits of southern africa hardcover january 1, 1986 by c. A century of migrant labour in the gold mines of south africa. The main findings of the paper are summarised below. Settlement patterns varied from the dispersed homesteads of the fertile coastal regions in the east, to the concentrated towns of the desert fringes in the west. Largescale and profitable mining started with the discovery of a diamond on the banks of the orange river in 1867 by erasmus jacobs and the subsequent discovery and exploitation of the kimberley pipes a few years later. The mineral revolution was largely driven by the need to create a permanent workforce to work in the mining industry, and saw south africa transformed from a patchwork of agrarian states to a. The total cement production capacity of south africa is 14. Initially the mineral revolution in south africa was a dynamic process. The mineral revolution is a term used by historians to refer to the rapid industrialisation and economic changes which occurred in south africa from the 1870s onwards.
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